Stefano Cappello
The geological carbon cycle is a set of natural emission and absorption processes that, for millennia, has kept the carbon balance of our atmosphere stable. An increase of CO2 in the atmosphere causes the salt water of the hydrosphere (seas and oceans) to assimilate carbon dioxide and neutralize its acidity through the leaching of carbonate rocks. However, this natural phenomenon is too slow to sustain the ever-increasing anthropogenic emissions: today the sea and biosphere can no longer balance the excessive amount of carbon dioxide, resulting in rising temperatures and seawater acidification, as well as threats to the entire ecosystem.Limenet has industrialized the geological carbon cycle, developing technology that can permanently store CO2 through calcium bicarbonates in the oceans.
Starting with biomass, calcium carbonate, seawater and renewable energy, it is able to transform carbon dioxide (collected from the atmosphere or other sources) into a solution (at the same pH as seawater) of calcium bicarbonates, providing a durable and stable method of CO2 storage within seas and oceans for more than 10,000 years, helping to increase the alkalinity of marine waters and their ability to withstand changes in acidity levels, with possible benefits for marine biota.
The main innovative aspects introduced can be found in the use of a calciner kiln and a dissolution reactor (mixer). The calciner developed by Limenet makes it possible to use calcium carbonate with small particle sizes commonly discarded (existing technologies use only calcium carbonate of higher particle size, requiring more energy intensive processes).
The calciner will also be fed by syngas from biomass gasification, and all process-related CO2 emissions (both biogenic CO2 derived from the biomass and CO2 generated during the chemical calcination reaction) will be captured. The use of calcium carbonate fine materials during the calcination process, combined with the storage technology consisting of the biogenic CO2 dissolution reactor in the form of bicarbonates, enables the generation of sellable removal credits in the voluntary market.
Currently, Limenet has registered 3 patents related to the technology of a plant for producing decarbonized calcium oxide or hydroxide, the method that transforms CO2 into calcium bicarbonates, and making the transformation of CO2 into calcium bicarbonate more efficient. At present, Limenet has a TRL7-level pilot plant that includes the dissolution reactor (mixer).
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